The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

Accurate production planning is required for crop yield to be accurately estimated. Therefore we will be able to gain a forecast at the macro level by determining market demand for developing or mitigating products or other planning issues related to production systems. In order to study optimal cropping patterns in East Azerbaijan Province, potential productivity for wheat, barley, chickpea and safflower were studied based on an analysis of supply and demand sources. The AEZ model was used to estimate the potential of yield, as proposed by FAO. In this way, it is assumed that the cultivars enjoy high efficiency and that limitations of water and soil, pests and diseases do not exist. To form data layers, IDW and kriging methods were used. Zonation of potential production was conducted using the overlapping layers in the GIS. Model validation was conducted using RMSE and the Willmott index of agreement. The estimated values were more than the actual quantities for wheat and barley (r2=0.71) but, for chickpea and safflower, they were slightly lower than the actual data (r2@0.50). The production capacity was acceptable for all four crops in the study region. Land in that province was relatively suitable for rain-fed cultivation of wheat and barley. Conditions for growing chickpea were detected as marginally suitable and unsuitable lands for safflower growing were in the maximum. In most regions, wheat and barley potential production showed a moderate to high capability. Potential for chickpea production was higher in the southern regions of the province and safflower enjoyed this situation in the Eastern. SPA for each crop and the GPA for all of them and for various scenarios were calculated then, based on results achieved, the cropping patterns were calculated. The GPA index suggested that cropping patterns that included barley-chickpeas-safflower had the highest value. After that, were wheat-chickpeas and barley-chickpeas compositions.

The aim of this research is to simulate the collection of runoff due to irregular rainfall regimes and ‎the ‎total occurrence of annual rainfall in dry areas. Simulation has been done using hydrological models ‎in ‎Islamshahr city with a dry climate. The data includes all the layers related to surface and ‎subsurface ‎urban infrastructures for collecting runoff, which is prepared from spatial data sources in ‎ArcGIS ‎software. The research method for calculating runoff in Islamshahr is the SCS (CN) model during ‎‎2005 and ‎‎2011. In this regard, first, the direction and collection of runoff were determined based on ‎elevation data ‎and field observations. Then the amount of runoff produced in each evaluation basin and ‎the ‎geometry of its channels were calculated with the atmospheric runoff simulation Swale model ‎in ‎SWMM software. The combination of the SCS (CN) model in the production of runoff and the ‎Swale ‎model in the SWMM environment has provided a new way to collect runoff at the best point ‎of ‎its concentration so that the maximum runoff produced in basins 3 and 4 and 5 of ‎Islamshahr ‎because the runoff from the upstream basins is also added to it, so it is a suitable outlet for ‎collecting ‎runoff. Also, in terms of reducing runoff, the Swale model reduces the vulnerability potential of ‎Islamshahr in ‎the face of the risks of urban runoff‏. ‏

Monitoring the salt crusts in arid areas by satellite data processing inthis research, monitoring the salt crusts of KASHAN andMAHARLOO arid areas by using LISSIII datas of IRS-P6 satellitewas accomplished. After exerting essential corrections for visual interpretation, contrast optimization and making pseudo-colorful imageswere used to specity the salt crusts. Then, according to the salt crusts’ spectral reflections in different bands and spectral rationing, RSCI(ratio salt crust index) and NDSCI (normalized different salt crustindex ) were described. The purpose of submitting these indexes is tomaximize the differences between spectral reflection and itsbackground in order to make a high quality image for them to bedistinctive. finally, by using threshold and error matrix, it wasspecified that RSCI and NDSCI indexes showed the best separation. The results showed that RSCI and NDSCI indexes are functional formonitoring the salt crusts of arid areas using mutti-spectral satellitedata.

Karim as a new line (HAMAM-4:T. AEST/SPRW'S'//CA8055/3/BACANORA86 ICW92-0477-1AP-1AP-4AP-1AP-0AP) was evaluated at Gachsaran agricultural research station in 2004-2005. It was selected for its high grain yield (3975 kg ha-1) and included in advance yield trial in Gachsaran, Khoramabad, Gonbad, Moghan and Ilam field stations in next growing season. Average yield of this line and check (cv. Koohdasht) in these stations were 3762 and 3416 kg ha-1, respectively. Karim had also desirable agronomic traits. Therefore, this line along with 17 promising lines were studied in three successive growing seasons (2006-2009) in uniform regional wheat yield trial in Gachsaran, Khoramabad, Gonbad and Moghan field stations. Average grain yield for new cultivar was 3310 kg ha-1 which was significantly higher as compared to check. New cultivar had 338 kg ha-1 (13.7%) yield superiority to check during 2004-2009 across all field stations. Considering grain yield stability parameter this line had the highest rank with least standard deviation and small within location coefficient of variation. New cultivar showed resistance to important wheat diseases such as yellow rust, leaf rust, common bunt, dwarf bunt and powdery mildew. It has good quality properties in addition to earliness, optimum plant height and high 1000 grain weight. Overall, due to its optimum grain yield, grain yield stability, desirable agronomic traits and quality, Karim was released by Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization in 2011.

Aridity as a spatial concept and drought as a temporal concept have always been studied in different aspects as two distinct categories. However, both concepts indicate anomalies from normal condition. Several indices have been introduced to examine each of these concepts using one or more hydrological cycle’ s components. Meanwhile, soil moisture and changes in its spatial and temporal variations can be considered as one of the most important factors in detecting the drought and determining the areas of drought. Due to difficulties including cost and time consuming measurements, soil moisture has not been used so far. In this study, the intensity and the persistence of drought in Kerman province were evaluated using soil moisture from the output of NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). For this purpose, the new GLDAS based Aridity and Drought Index (GADI) was used, which realized the drought and aridity in each region simultaneously. The soil moisture time series in four soil layers were derived from NOAH land surface model for the years 1953 until 2017. GADI were employed to map aridity and drought conditions. The results showed that the severity of drought increased in lower soil layers. The low percentage of soil moisture in the lower layers indicates that lower layers had not been fed from rainfall as a result of sever evaporation losses. This also shows the existence of long-term droughts in these layers.

It is important to know about the deserts of Iran because the geographical and climatic conditions of the desert have never been expanding by themselves. What expands deserts is the relationship that desert areas have with their surrounding environment. Climate change during the last few decades has caused climatic hazards in desert areas to cause a lot of human and financial losses. The purpose of this research is the spatial planning of climatic hazards in order to reduce their damages in desert areas. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied method. At first, the most important climate hazards in desert areas were identified. Then, using the opinion of experts and interviewing them, the most important criteria and strategies to reduce the damages of climate hazards in desert areas were identified. The results showed that drought, increase in temperature intensity, heavy and short-term rainfall, frost, dust storms, and floods were identified as the most important climatic hazards during the past few years. In this research, cost-benefit, people's participation, technological and scientific tools available, political and social pressures, appropriateness and compatibility with the environment, traditional management and indigenous knowledge, government oil revenues, temporary managements, problems related to innovation and changing methods, The convenience of government administrative systems is a factor, and time, the beauty of the landscape, expert human resources, and emergency issues caused by climate hazards are considered as handicaps. The results show that the approval of a new and comprehensive law related to climate risks is the most important.

Floods have been considered the most common natural disaster worldwide in recent years. Flood hazard potential mapping is required for the management and mitigation of flood. Climatic change and the occupation of rivers and drainage have led to floods in arid areas. The objective of this study is to assess and zoning flood risk using the AHP-FUZZY hybrid approach model in the Dashti region of Bushehr Province.  In this study, precipitation, elevation, slope, drainage density, land use, geology and soil parameters were used. These parameters have been constructed and classified in the ARC GIS Software; which were weighed according to the AHP method in AHP SOLVER software and the layers were fuzzy using the fuzzy model. Finally, by combining the AHP-FUZZY method, the flood risk assessment and zoning map were obtained.6.5% of the area is in the very high-risk range, and 27.9% is in the high-risk range.  Analysis of the final map shows that Khormuj, Sana and Shonbeh are at greater risk of flooding. The combination of the AHP-FUZZY method in previous research has confirmed that this method has great capacity in flood risk assessment and zoning. Therefore, knowing the flood potential of the basin can be effective in formulating crisis management plans when faced with floods.